German U-boat with its crew (1918) (via SMU Central University)
The German Unterseeboot, or U-boat, was a submarine that appeared seemingly out of nowhere to destroy both military and commercial ships. Despite their prevalence during WWI and WWII, only four U-boats exist today. Preserved as museum vessels, these "undersea boats" are the last reminders of the Battle of the Atlantic, and the thousands of men who died in these “Iron Coffins.”
U-505
Museum of Science and Industry
Chicago, Illinois
Boarding party from the USS Pillsbury on the U-505 (1944) (via United States Navy)
The USS Chatelain made sonar contact with the U-505 on June 4, 1944. Supported by two other destroyers, the Chatelain began firing Hedgehog anti-submarine weapons. Two F4F Wildcat airplanes launched off a nearby aircraft carrier spotted the U-boat and fired their guns into the water to mark its position. Additional depth charges forced the U-505 to surface.
The command was given to abandon ship, but the crew was unable to finish scuttling the U-505. A team of American sailors was able to board the U-505, and secure multiple charts and codebooks which proved useful in breaking the Nazi’s Enigma code. This made the U-boat the first warship captured on the high seas by United States forces since the war of 1812. The U-505 was then towed to Bermuda, where she was studied by U.S. Navy intelligence and engineering officers.
In 1954, with no further use for the U-505, the Navy donated her to Chicago’s Museum of Science and Industry. She was authentically restored and remains on display at MSI.
The U-505 today (via Museum of Science & Industry)
Inside the U-505, with a view of the bunks & torpedo (photograph by KBE/Flickr)
Aerial view of the U-505 (photograph by Daderot/Wikimedia)
U-534
Woodside Ferry Terminal
Birkenhead, England
U-534 under attack on May 5, 1945 (via Australian War Memorial Collection Database)
Accurate weather reports were vital for both Allied and Axis forces in the North Atlantic. Because the jet stream flows west to east, Allied forces received weather information from the United States, but Axis forces relied on weather reports from U-boats throughout the Atlantic.
The U-534 served on weather reporting patrols from June 1943 to May 1945. She never served in combat, though she shot down two RAF bombers during skirmishes.
By May 5, 1945, all U-boats were ordered to surrender, but the commander of the U-534 refused to raise the black flag. She was intercepted by three RAF planes, who dropped depth charges and breached the hull. The commander ordered his crew to abandon ship.
U-534 sank and was forgotten until 1986, when a Danish diver discovered the wreck approximately halfway between Denmark and Sweden. In 1993, U-534 was raised from the seabed. Her 50-year-old ammunition was still live and had to be neutralized. By 1996, she was moved to Birkenhead, England, where she is now the centerpiece of U-boat Story, a display at Birkenhead's Woodside Ferry Terminal.
It is still a mystery why U-534 ignored the surrender order. The most widely-accepted theory relates to three Zaukönig T11 torpedoes found in her aft section. Only 38 of these torpedoes, which included acoustic countermeasures to a British decoy system, were made. It is unknown why these torpedoes would be on a weather-reporting U-boat.
The U-534 in 2007 (photograph by Nigel Cox/geograph.org.uk)
Inside the U-534 in 2010 (photograph by Roger Marks/Flickr)
Inside the U-534 in 2010 (photograph by Roger Marks/Flickr)
U-995
Kiel, Germany
Inside the U-995 (photograph by Noop1958/Wikimedia)
The U-995 was launched on July 22, 1943. Within days, she was severely damaged by an Allied bombing raid. Axis U-boat forces were stretched thin, though, and with great effort she was repaired and returned to service by September 16. Over the next two years, she completed nine patrols and sank four ships.
When Admiral Karl Donitz ordered the surrender of all ships in May 1945, the U-995 was moored at Trondheim, Norway. Rather than scuttle their boat, her crew surrendered to Allied forces. The Norwegian Navy took possession of U-995 and, in 1952, recommissioned her as the Kaura.
She served in the Norwegian Navy and was decommissioned in 1965. As a symbol of friendship, U-995/Kaura was sold back to Germany for the symbolic price of one deutsche mark. She was taken to Kiel and restored to her WWII appearance. In October 1971, she opened her doors as a museum ship, and a memorial to the men who died during the war.
Aerial view of the U-995 in 2011 (photograph by Phileas Fogg/Wikimedia)
Inside the U-995 (photograph by Noop1958/Wikimedia)
View of the U-995 in 2009 (photograph by McKarri/Wikimedia)
U-2540
German Maritime Museum
Bremerhaven, Germany
The U-2540 in 1970 (via German Federal Archives)
Launched on January 13, 1945, the U-2540 served as a training ship during the final months of the war. She was one of the most technologically advanced U-boats built by the Nazis, and one of the first submarines designed to operate primarily while submerged, rather than on the surface and only diving for a short time.
On May 4, 1945, the U-2540 was scuttled in an inlet between Denmark and Germany. A decade later, the newly-formed German Federal Navy needed submarines to patrol their coast. Rather than build new ships, they located and salvaged the U-2540 and other U-boats. She was retrofitted and rechristened the Wilhelm Bauer. She was decommissioned in 1982.
A non-profit group of U-boat enthusiasts later purchased the Wilhelm Bauer. Restored to her wartime condition, she was permanently moored next to the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven in 1984. Today, the U-2540 is the only U-boat still floating in the sea. The U-2540 is open to visitors and dedicated to the preservation of peace.
The U-2540 torpedo tubes (photograph by Clemens Vasters/Flickr)
Inside the U-2540 (photograph by Heribert Pohl/Flickr)
The Wilhelm Bauer in 2004 (photograph by Sicherlich/Wikimedia)
This article has been updated to correct the type of aircraft that participated in the capture of the U-505. We apologize for the error.
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